Living with Floods in Bangladesh’s Riverine Islands: Understanding Vulnerability and Resilience

Flooding is a substantial and pervasive natural disaster in Bangladesh, severely impacting the nation's vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Due to its low-lying geography and close proximity to extensive river systems, the riverine islands, or chars, of Bangladesh are particularly susceptible to flood-related damage. This research aims to thoroughly evaluate the social vulnerability of riverine island inhabitants, examine the impacts of flood disasters on their lives, scrutinize their strategies for adaptation, and identify the challenges they encounter in acclimating to their environment.

The methodological approach of this study is primarily qualitative, supplemented by quantitative data, thereby adopting a mixed-methods framework to enhance the study's comprehensiveness and validity. Data collection was conducted using both primary and secondary methods. Primary data were meticulously gathered from individuals affected by flooding through a comprehensive strategy that included questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, participatory observation, and interviews with key informants. Secondary data, on the other hand, were systematically sourced from a diverse range of published and unpublished materials, including academic journals, books, newspapers, magazines, documents from non-governmental organizations, annual reports, and institutional websites.

The study divulges that riverine island residents grapple with socio-economic vulnerabilities owing to their geographical location and limited facility access. Predominantly residing near the Jamuna River or its tributaries, these communities lack essential amenities such as schools, hospitals, and transportation, rendering them susceptible to floods. Additionally, patriarchal structures disproportionately place men under 30 at heightened risk. Compounded by low literacy rates and a lack of adaptation awareness, these vulnerabilities are exacerbated. The economic landscape is dominated by agriculture, supplemented by small businesses, day labor, and fishing. Monthly incomes vary from 3,000 to 6,000 BDT, with a notable 25.60% earning below 3,000 BDT and a mere 15.18% having savings. Access to clean water and sanitation is paramount; however, floods often contaminate wells, and numerous individuals resort to unhygienic Kutcha latrines. Housing types are reflective of socio-economic status, with many relying on inadequate flood shelters. The absence of modern energy sources further affects living standards, underscoring the need for comprehensive policy intervention.

The 2017 flood had a catastrophic impact on the socio-economic fabric of the selected study villages, leaving a trail of devastation that affected nearly every aspect of life. Almost every family had their homes damaged, forcing many to leave their ancestral homes. The agricultural sector was hit hard, with prolonged water stagnation leading to nearly 75% of respondents losing their crops, and most households suffering losses in livestock rearing. Half of the respondents lost their income and occupations, with the remaining having to adapt to new occupations, often earning less than before. This resulted in widespread unemployment and income loss. The flood also wreaked havoc on the quality of life, with almost all households experiencing damage to sanitary latrines and facing challenges in accessing clean drinking water and food, which led to various health issues. The education of children was disrupted, with many dropping out of school post-flood. Significant damage was also inflicted on social infrastructure, including embankments, schools, bridges, culverts, and roads.

Communities in Bangladesh's flood-prone regions employ various adaptive mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of recurrent flooding. These adaptations include early warning systems, public education, elevated housing, diversified livelihoods, modified agricultural practices, livestock protection, food and water management, financial strategies, health precautions, and institutional support. Local knowledge and early warning indicators are utilized in the absence of modern forecasting technologies. Educational initiatives and awareness campaigns are pivotal for community flood preparedness. Elevated housing and community shelters offer protection, while boats provide essential transportation during floods. Agriculture adapts through flood-resistant and fast-growing crops. Livestock protection involves relocation and elevated shelters. Food and water management include purification and storage techniques. Financial coping strategies encompass asset liquidation and loans. Health adaptations involve traditional healing practices and raised tube-wells. Furthermore, government and non-governmental organizations play a crucial role in providing support ranging from immediate relief to long-term rehabilitation, ensuring community resilience against floods.

The study also investigates the complex challenges faced by inhabitants of Bangladesh's riverine islands, particularly in char regions, amidst recurrent flooding. Financial constraints significantly impede the adaptive capacities of these historically resilient communities. The 2017 flood revealed significant shortcomings in their communication infrastructure, which is crucial for timely emergency responses and development initiatives. Dependence on obsolete agricultural practices, such as monocultures, heightens their vulnerability to food scarcity and economic instability during floods. A pervasive lack of formal education impedes their ability to comprehend and respond to the complexities of flooding and climate shifts. Moreover, institutional support is marred by mismanagement, corruption, and delayed services, further complicating their situation. Limited access to advanced early warning and communication systems also undermines their resilience.

The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacities and address these challenges, in order to improve the sustainability and quality of life for these vulnerable communities.