Understanding the Factors Promoting Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria. This review aimed to identify and understand key factors promoting MTCT and assess the effectiveness of current prevention interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases using relevant keywords and approximately 57 individual literatures was reviewed. Studies focusing on MTCT in Nigeria published after 2015 were included. Eligible studies were critically appraised for quality and relevance. Findings indicate significant knowledge gap (such as misconceptions about transmission routes, limited understanding of prevention methods, delay in seeking testing and care and inconsistent adherence to Antiretroviral therapy) among pregnant women regarding HIV transmission, persistent stigma and discrimination hindering access to PMTCT services, and challenges within the healthcare system such as geographical disparities and inadequate provider training. Cultural practices, including breastfeeding and postnatal rituals, further exacerbate MTCT risk. Male partner involvement emerges as a crucial yet often overlooked aspect of PMTCT. Existing interventions showed moderate effectiveness, highlighting the need for tailored approaches. Strengthening multi-level interventions addressing social, economic, and cultural determinants, alongside culturally sensitive approaches and increased male engagement, are crucial to address MTCT and improve maternal and child health outcomes in Nigeria. Future research should focus on developing and evaluating interventions tailored to specific contexts and populations.