Biotechnological Applications of Galactomannan Matrices: Emphasis on Immobilization of Biomolecules

Polysaccharides are natural polymers extracted from plants, algae, animals, fungi or obtained via fermentation that can be applied on a wide range of uses, from food to biomedical industries. Galactomannans are polysaccharides mostly extracted from the endosperm of leguminous seeds and responsible to perform functions of energy reservation and hydration. They have singular properties that direct their potential use as films/coatings, gel agents, a part of mixed systems such as hydrogels, emulsion stabilizers, thickeners, and cosmetics. The characterization of galactomannans from conventional and nonconventional sources were reported as capable to produce the broad range of galactomannan matrices (films/membranes, coatings, gels and hydrogels). Matrices based on galactomannans, in addition, were explored as effective supports for immobilization of different functional compounds. The knowledge of the application of galactomannans as films and coatings is still limited compared with those already reported for other polysaccharides; moreover, the some publications brought new insights of the properties and characterization of edible films. The works in which galactomannan films are used as support for immobilization of biomolecules are still scarce, especially in health care. Due to their viscous and elastic properties, galactomannans have been widely investigated in mixed gels containing two or more biopolymers with the aim to improve cohesion, appearance, stability and durability of the gel. Studies involving the use of galactomannans in gels for immobilization of biomolecules have also been developed with the important purpose of evaluating the controlled release of suspensions contained in nanostructures. This review article aimed to approach the most recent literature dealing with galactomannan-based matrices and exposes the main strategies for the immobilization of biomolecules and their potential applications in industry.